What are the Causes of Osteoporosis ?

              Osteoporosis and its causes

Osteoporosis (osteo -bone,porosis-hole) is usually age related sjeletal disease in which the human bones become weak, brittle thin and fracture prone. It literally means"porous bones".With the decrease in the bone density, the lining of the bones take place.
The contribution to the bone mineral density is mainly done by Calcium and other minerals. This helps to strengthen and protect bones.
The human skeleton is the framework of the body which consists of groups of bones protecting the internal organs of the body and aids in the movement of the body.

The Bones

The hard structural thing of the body which is bone is a living tissue which consists  of osteocytes cell. These cells unite to form a living tissue,which is beinh broken (reabsorbtion) and building(formation) of the tissue is fully controlled by a complex mix of hormones and chemical factors.Whenever bone reabsorption occurs increasingly than the bone formation, the bone loses density and the risk of osteoporosis  increases.
Now we are going to talk about the major osteoporosis  causes. There are several causes of osteoporosis  but lets talk about the main ones.

Causes of Osteoporosis 

Imbalance of Vitamin D and Parathormone

   Both the decreasing level of Vitamin D and increasing level of Parathyroid  hormone, bone density loss takes place. Vitamin D is a vitamin with hormonal prooerties that is as essential for the reabsorption of Calcium. Similarly the parathyroid gland produces parathormone which are four small glands on the surface of the thyroid gland i.e. butterfly shaped gland. These parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood. But, persistent high levels of PTH stimulate bone reabsorption and lead to bone minerals loss.

The Estrogen and Testosterone 

   Women usually experience a greatly deal nation of the bone density after menopause i. e. when estrogen stops being produced by ovaries.
Talking about the men, sometimes the male hormone which is androgen converts to estrogen in various parts of man's body. AS age increases, the decreasing levels of testosterone amd estrogen contributes to the bone density loss.

Similarly  medications and other medical conditions also result in osteoporosis .
Oral corticosteroids (also called steroids)  greatly affects the reduction of the bone mass.
Furosemide,which increases the kidneys excretion of Calcium ,can lead to thinning of bones.
Anti-seizure drugs also increases the risk of bone loss .
Hormonal contraceptives  can also cause loss of bone density.

Also check more about health on our posts.

How to lose Weight Faster

        How to lose weight faster. 

Weight loss|  Every fatty person or overweight person always thinks of losing weight everytime. They do a lot researches on how to lose weight but they fail everytime in doing that because most steps they follow from the google may not be appropriate. Many of unwanted people post unwanted and practcally impossible ways of loosing weight.
    So we the EduWhere team have come with the special content how to loose weight easily just in few weeks and few months. Many unwanted promises are made by many content writer saying that they will help lose weight within few days only which is also practically not possible.

        Weight losing comes with the concept of Calories. You eat less than you burn and you'll lose weight. We would also like you to recommend to eat those foods which you maynot like but they are highly helping in the weight loss. Sine short and possible ways are here so we can help you to loose weight easily. Lets get started.

1. Try to eat more fresh vegetables.
If you are thinking of making your meal mostly veggies (almost  50% of everything  that you are eating or having), you are  on the right path to the better health and easy weight loss.
2. Have a better breakfast.
All meals are equally important, but healthy breakfast is that what  helps you to start your better day. The best and heartiest breakfasts are that fills you up, keep you satisfied,

cravings later in the daytime. You have to aim eating between 400 and 500 calories for ur morning meal, and make sure you are including a source of protein and filling fat (For e.g- eggs, unsweetened yogurt, nuts or nuts butter) and fiber (including veggies, fruit or whole grains). Also you can try to stabilize sugat in your blood thay can help you to stay slim.
3. Know the limits with salts
Salts are often used as preservative kept in the packaged fppd containing hogh sodium content in them. So you are highly requested to buy any snacks that contain less than 140 mg. Sodium in them.
4. Have more Coffee
You can Start your day with a coffee
As Caffeine is a  diuretic and an excellent source of antioxidants, that protects your cells from damage, try to have upto 400mg caffeine daily.
 Tea is also natural diuretic, so you can have that too incase you dont like coffee. Green tea drinkers often tend to lose more weifht regularly.

5.You must try to skip all the sugary beverages.  Because consuming just those juices may not be satisfactory as eating a bowl of veggies. Drinking those sugary beverages may increase the calories upto 800 calories which is so much extra. Also dont consume alcohol because  it may reduce the rate burning of calories.
6. Eat as possible spicy foods.
It actually helps you to cut down the calories. Thats due to capsaicin ( a compound usually found in cayenne peppers,  slightly increases your body's release of stress hormones like  Adrenaline, which can help speed up ability to burn the calories. You can add ginger, hot pepper in your
7.Take walks daily.
Taking walks daily will also make your body fit. The main theory behind this is that the

aerobic activities after meal will increase your metabolic activity causing your calories consumption resulting less calorie store in the body.
8. Resist the urge to skip a meal.
Skipping meals won't help you lose weight as faster. Also try to have 3 meals and two snacks on daily basis. Skipping meal for larger time will make you even more weak because your food eating pattern gets disturbed and you may fall ill causing skinny appearance with high weight.
9. Drink as much H2O ( Water)
  You must try to drink a lot of water daily. It maintains the osmoregulation of the body and helps combat bloating. Also try to eat high water containing fruits and vegetables. Its helps to maintain the better cells.
10. Depend much on mineral rich foods.
     Potassium, magnesium and calciums can help you to serve a counter-balance for

Sodium. Foods rich in potassium like leafy greens, mostly oranges, sweet potatoes, carrots, melon, bananas, tomatoes  cauliflower can be consumed. Low fat dairy, nuts, seeds can also help you a bloat busting boost.

Protein Synthesis - Protein Synthesis Worksheet

         Protein synthesis worksheet 

The process of formation of protein from.its constituent materials is called as protein synthesis. It includes 2 steps.

• Transcription
• Translation 

They are explained below.

Transcription 

1. This process includes the formation of m-RNA from DNA.
2. Transcription takes place in only one strand of DNA.
3. It normally occurs in 5'-3' direction.
4. During transcription, the DNA site at which RNA polymerase binds is called promoter site.

Transcrption in various organisms takes place in various process.
Transcription in Prokaryotes 

• Transcription of all the three types of RNA occurs in the presence of single enzyme called as RNA polymerase.
• 
  
• The Inhibitor of transcription in prokaryotes is Rifampcin. 
  

Transcription in Eukaryotes .
Three different enzymes are found in transcription in eukaryotes .

• RNA polymerase-1 : It transcribes r-RNA in nucleolus except 5-s rRNA.
• RNA polymerase-2 : It transcribes m-RNA in nucleoplasm.
• RNA polymerase-3 : It transcribes t-RNA and 5-s rRNA.

Note:- aplha-Amanitin is the inhibitor of transcription in eukaryotes.

• Transcription starts with the separation of DNA strand.
• m-RNA formed after transcription is called primary transcript.

For primary transcript
Coding part is EXON.
Non-Coding part is INTRONS.

• Removal of introns from exon is called splicing.
• After splicing m-RNA undergoes methylation (Addition of 7 methyl guanosine  at 5' end) and polyadenylation (Addition of polyadenine at 3' end).
• Methylation is for the protection of initiation codon.
• Polyadenylation is for the protection of 3' end.
• m-RNA formed after methylation and adenylationis called matured m-RNA.

Translation 

1. It is the formation of protein from m-RNA.
2. It occurs in 5'-3' direction.
3. Amino acid is activated (it requires ATP and enzymes).
4. Activated amino acid is charged on t-RNA.
5. Small sub- unit pf ribosomes is attached to the messenger RNA.
6. Then larger sub-unit of ribosome is fused to this complex .
7. Large sub-units of ribosome has  basically 2 sieds.
8.     P site- peptidyl site :- Here the peptide bind is formed.
9.     A site- amino acyl site :- The new amino acid comes to this site.
10. The first amino acid always comes to P site.
11. Next amino acid comes to A site.
12. COOH group of first amino acid and NH2 group of next form peptide bond.
13. This dipeptide moves from A site to P site in presence of enzyme translocase.
14. This process is continued till it reaches termination codon.
15. At last releasing factor release polypeptide and protein synthesis is complete.

Reverse transcription 

• It occurs in retrovirus 
• It was discovered by Temin nad Baltimore in Rous Sarcoma Virus.
• Reverse Transcription is also called as Teminism
• Reverse transcription is RNA> DNA >RNA >protein.
• Flow of information is bidirectional.                                                        If you liked our Article on Protein Synthesis, do share the content.  

Gastrointestinal Hormones - Digestive System Hormone

          Gastro Intestinal Hormones 

   Gastrointestinal Hormones are the peptide hormones present or produced in various part of our digestive system. There are many gastrointestinal hormones present some of them are:

• Gastrin
  
• Secretin
• Serotonin 
• Somatostatin
• Enterogastrone
• CCK-PZ
• Duocrinin
• Enterocrinin
• Villikinin

Now each of the gastrointestinal hormones are described in details.

Gastrin
They are secreted in stomach Its release is stimulated by the distension of stomach. It stimulates the exocrine cells of stomach to release pepsin and HCL and they causes increased gastric motility.

Secretin
It the the first identified hormone. It was identified in 1903 by Bayliss amd Starling. It is secreted from duodenum. Acidic chyme acts as its stimulus. It increases the HCO3 in pancreatic juice. It also increases bile secretion and decreases gastric secretion and mobility.

Serotonin
[5-Hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT)]
It is specially secreted in duodenum. It stimulates the intestinal peristalsis.

Somatostatin
They are secreted in stomach, pancreas and hypothalamus . It inhibits gastrin, secretin, CCK and Glucagon.

Enterogastrone
It is secreted in duodenum. Its stimulus is acidic chyme. It decreases the gastric secretion, motility and churning but increases the insulin secretion.

CCK-PZ 
They are secreted from duodenum. The fats in the chyme is stimulus and causes contraction of Gall bladder. It also causes relaxation of sphincter of Oddi and stimulates release of digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice.
CCK acts on vagal neuron to activate satiety centre and decreases gastric emptying.

Duocrinin
It is secreted in the duodenum. Its stimulus is acidic chyme. It stimulates the Brunnrr's Gland. 

Enterokinin
It is secreted in small.intestine. Its stimulus is Acidic Chyme. Its stimulates the crypts of lieberkuhn. 

Villikinin
It is secreted in small intestine. Presence of food is the stimulus. It stimulates the villi movement.
   • Motilin- Is in the duodenum and increases

If you liked our article on Gastrointestinal Hormones please comment and share this content.

Also check our recent posts .Also leave your positive comments. 

Medicare - Health Tips You must know

      Health Tips you must know. 

• Due to lack of 1% water in the body we feel thirsty and death occurs due to deficiency of 10% water.
• If you want to improve your eyesight, eat fennel seeds daily.
• Soaking 1-2 figs in water overnight and eating in the morning will reduce weight rapidly because figs have high fibre.
• Russia says it has a Covid vaccine called "SPUTNIK-V".
• It is possible that half of our brain can be removed in a surgery and it still won't affect our memories.
• When we are awake our brain can produce 10-25 watts of electrical power enough to power a light bulb.
• A child's brain is more efficient in reading and writing skills.
• Our brain at the age of 5 is 95% developed and fully developed at the age of 18.
• You can't feel pain in your brain brain as there are no nerves.
• Use an ice cube to shrink your pimple if you got it before something important.
• Drinking a lot of water during day will cause less stress to your body at night.
• Cold shower are actually good for you. They help relieve depression and keep skin and hair healthy.
• Adding Vodka to your Shampoo can strengthen your hair, prevent dry scalp and stop dandruff.
• If you are looking foe ways to accelerate your hairgrowth, onion and garlic can help you in doing so.
• Keep bananas fresh longer by wrapping the stems in plastic wrap.
• Drinking green tea before bed will allow your body to burn calories while sleeping. Green tea also increases your metabolism.
• If you are ever feeling sleepy, hold your breath as long as you can, then breath out slowly. It increases your heart rates.
• If you eat something too spicy, water will do virtually nothing. However dairy products will neutralize the pain instantly.

Novamin in the toothpaste is only the active ingredient that actually does repair teeth.

Interesting Technology Tips You Must Know.

Interesting Technology Tips You Must Know. 

• You can learn Spanish, French, Italian, German and Portuguese for free on Duolingo.com 
• When watching Netflix, if the quality
  
  is poor, press control (alt-opt) shift S. Change the bugger rate to 3000 for HD.
• To know the details of the car owner's Name, Vehicle Model, finance done by, RC expiry Date and more send the SMS : VAHAN" Car Number" to 7738299899.
• Tie a small piece of bright coloured Fabric to yiur luggage. You'll be able to spot your bag in no time at tge airport .
• "Cozy Bear" a Russian hacker group are targeting COVID-19 vaccine Development.
• StudentRecipes.com offers 4000+ quick
  
  and very easy to make recipes for students.
• In 2015, Bill Gates in a Tedtalk mentioned about how a virus will cause damage in the future.
• You can use apps for self control like Forest, Moment and Screentime 
• If you want to access Pandora, Hulu or Netflix outside the United States, download the Chrome/ Firefox extension called Mediahint.
• Your headphones can be used as
  
  microphones if you plug them into the mic jack on your computer. This is helpful when recording lectures.
• You can search [month] [ year] in Wikipedia to give you all the major world news for that month.
• Scientists are using the moon as a Giant mirror to search for Aliens.
• When you are typing anywhere in Chrome, Grammarly can check the grammar and spelling of your work.
• Dualess allows user to split their screen so they can work in two tabs simultaneously.

Mercury Reader allows students to hide distracting features in online articles it removes ads, comments and other things.

• Gmail offers free calling in the United States as long as you have internet and a mic.
• Buying a car ?
  
  Buy it at the end of the month. Sales people have quotas to meet each month and will be more likely to cut you a deal.                                                                                     Share this content so many of you can get benefit from this.                                                              Keywords included technology tip of the day, technologytips, tricksfortechnology, technology, technologytricksandtips

Salivary Gland -Digestive System

           Salivary Glands

         Salivary glands|  They are the exocrine glands which are ectodermal in origin.
Salivary glands are usually three pairs in Human Beings. The number of Salivary glands in Rabbit is four.
The major function of Salivary gland is to secrete saliva.
The main three salivary glands of Human beings are.

1. Parotid Gland
2. Sub Lingual Glands
3. Sub Mandibular (Sub Maxillary) Glands.  

Each of them are now explained in details.

Parotid Glands

• They are the largest salivary gland in human beings. 
  
• They are situated near our ears. 
• The duct of Parotid Gland is called Stensen's Duct which opens near the second upper molar teeth. 
• These glands secretes Alpha-amylase (ptyalin). which help in digestion of starch (breaks starch into Maltose and Dextrin).

Sub Lingual Glands

• They are the small sized salivary glands 
• They are situated at the ventral portion (base) of tongue. 
• The duct of Sub Lingual gland is called Duct Of Rivinus. 

Sub-Mandibular Gland

• They are also called Sub-maxillary or Wharton's Gland.
  
• They provide the largest contribution to the volume of saliva (70%)
• They are situated at angles of lower jaw. 
• The duct of Sub Mandibular Gland is called Wharton's Duct.

Sub Mandibular and Sub Lingual salivary glands secretes amylase (ptyalin) and mucin.   

 

Salivary Glands Functions

Functions of salivary Glands

1. It helps in lubrication and binding of masticated food into bolus.
2. Saliva contains lysozymesand thiocyanates which kill the bacteria.
3. It provides alkaline buffering.

Saliva 

        It contains 99.5% water, IgA, mucous, mucin, ptyalin, lysozyme, thiocyanates, urea, uric acid, HCO3, Na+, K+ Cl- etc.

Saliva are slightly acidic in Carnivores and alkaline in Ruminants .

Nice to know

• Infra orbital is the Rabbits but they are absent in humans.
• Parotid salivary gland is modified into labial poisonous glands in most snakes.
• Salivary glands are absent in frog, toad, sea cow and whale.

       If you liked this article on Salivary glands, Please share this content with your friends so more individual could get benefit. 

Neuroglial Cells - Nervous System

  Neuroglial Cells - Nervous System

 

             
 Neuroglial cells | Neuroglial cells are also known as supporting cells of Nervous System. They alosplay very significant role in the conduction of nerve impulses. Without them its almost impossible for brain and whole Nervous systems to work properly.

              There are many supporting cells in our Nervous system. Some of them are Mentioned below. 

1. Astrocytes
2. Microgliai
3. Satellite cells
4. Schwann cells
5. Oligodendrocytes
6. Ependymal cells

Each of above are explained in details below:

1.Astrocytes

•  They are the star shaped neuroglial cells.
•   They are the most abundant neuroglial cells found in human body th am other neuroglial cells. 
  
• Their main function is to control the chemical composition of all the neurons. 
• They also forms Brain Blood Barrier (BBB)   

 2. Microglia 

•   They are the smaller sized neuroglial cells.
  
•   They acts as the phagocytes of whole nervous system.

3. Satellite cells 

•  They are around all the other Neuroglial cells
• They surround the cell bodies of neurons of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). 

4. Schwann cells

  They form myelin sheath in the axons of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).        

5. Oligodendrocytes

• They main function is to form myelin sheath in the axons of Central Nervous System (CNS).                                  

6. Ependymal cells

• They lines the ventricles and central canal.

They contains microvilli and cilia in them.   

Nice to know 

Gyri (singular-gyrus) :- They are the ridges (elevations) in cerebrum.

Sulci (singular-sulcus) :- They are the  Grooves (depressions) in cerebrum.

Fissure :- They are deep sulcus present in brain.

Association tracts :- They are the axons that connect gyri in the same hemisphere.

Commissural tracts :- They are the axons that connect gyri in one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere.

 Eg. Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure.

Insula :- It is considered as 5th lobe by sime scientists. It lies beneath the temporal lobe.

      Terms related to Nervous System 

• Nucleus
• Ganglion
• Tract
  
• Gray matter
• White matter

They are explained below. 

•Nucleus: Nucleus is the collection of cell bodies in the Central Nervous System (CNS)

•Ganglion : It is the collection of cell bodies in the  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

•Tract: It is the collection of nerve fibers (axon) in the CNS .

•Nerve: It is the collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS.

•Gray matter: These contains cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and dendrites.

•White matter: These contains myelinated axons only (myelin is white here).

          

   Basal nuclei (Basal ganglia)

1.  Cluster of cell bodies in the wall of the cerebral hemisphere.

1. It comprises Caudate Nucleus, Globus Pallidus and Putamen.

1. It is related to initiation and termination of muscular movements.

1.  Lesions in this part may result in Parkinson's disease.

1.  Globus Pallidus + Putamen = Lentiform Nucleus.                                                                               Keywords includes           Neuroglialcells, neuroglia, nerve cells, neurogliafunction, nervoussystem                       If you liked our article on Neuroglial cells please share this with your Friends.

Top Medical Colleges in Nepal -Medical Colleges

Top Medical Colleges in Nepal -Medical Colleges

    Medical education in Nepal is being provided by various affiliate colleges, University, Autonomous university, constituent campus etc. 

Ranking of any colleges, Institute is done on following basis.

• Review of students
• Faculty 
• Performance of students in annual examination 

• Hospital size and facilities
• Performance of students in medical Licensing examination, etc.                                           

    Best Medical Colleges. 

1.  Maharajgunj Medical Campus
2. BPKIHS
3. Kathmandu University School of Medical Science (KUSMS) 
4. Chitwan Medical College (CMC) 
5. Manipal College of Medical Science 
6. Kathmandu Medical College
7. Patan Academy Of Health Science School Of Medicine(PAHS)
8. KIST Medical College 
9. Nepal Medical College
10. NAIHS College of Medicine.          

1.Maharajgunj Medical Campus

                 Maharajgunj Medical Campus is one one of the best medical college of IOM (INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE). It is situated in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. To know the programmes offered by this campus You can click Here.  

  

 2. B.P Koirala Institute of Health Science (BPKIHS) 

          It is an autonomous college Established in 1993, January 18. Its autonomous behaviour was launched from 1998, October 28 with the Motto of providing medical education tk students and provide better health Facilities. To get more information of the programmes offered by this Institute click here. 

3.Kathmandu University School of Medical Science (KUSMS) 

           

   This college is basically located in Dhulikhel. It launched its MBBS programme from 2001 and provideing facility of Hospital along with various fields of Medical studies. To know more about this college and its programmes click here.  

 

4. Chitwan Medical College. 

5. Manipal College of Medical Science.

         

 To know More about of all the Best colleges You can Go through by Clicking Here

     

All the best for your Entrance Examinations. Relax and stay Focused. 

Share this content so that maximum aspirant can choose best colleges.

Immunology -Immunology Definition

 Immunology -Immunology Definition

   

Narendra Modi - The worst Prime Minister??

        Narendra Modi - The worst Prime.                                        Minister?? 

 
     Narendra Modi presently working as the Prime Minister of India since 2014.
 This is his second period of ruling the country as the Prime Minister. There may be many reasons why he is still being loved by crores of Indian citizens.

He has done uncountable reformations in Indian Land.  He has made raised the name of India in only very few years.  Currently he belongs to the party BJP
           
               Even though he is still not able to solve the problem of poverty, he is still being loved by many people specially Hindu Religious People.
He has created a type of non-secularism in  the country.
       Recently he joined inaugaration ceremony for construction of   Ram Mandir In Ayodhya. 

                   Its not bad construting the Religious places in the country but in the pandemic of Covid19 virus, where many people are dying of hunger,  natural calamity like flood, and many more instead of helping them with pure heart , he is interested in construction of the Temple with a very very large budget. 

                He is the PM of India, he should think the development of all the states equally. But, not you can see Bihar how underdeveloped it is.
 
         Even Rahul Gandhi, the President of Indian National Congress party is not matured to run a huge country like INDIA.
 He even doesn't know to speak infeont of audience . He has no clue how the country and government works. He can't express his own idea without help of gis personal secretary. 

                    Before BJP was on rule,  country wasn't able to make a large progress.  Reformations were rarely able to see. People couldn't live with proper guidance of government. Only the capital nad large cities were kept on focus of development.

               Rahul Gandhi's ancestors were the main reason behind the creation of conflict betwee n Pakistan and India.
He should have done the proper judgement that time but created unwanted diplomatic relationship.
        Please share this post if you are a true Indian.
Please comment down the political party you support and give the reason behind supporting the party.  
   NOTE: This blog is not written for any Hate purpose. We are nit supporting any specific party. We are creating only awareness among people.
   

COVID-19 vaccine Successfully Launched or Its Fake?

      Russia Launches Covid19 Vaccine 
         

                          Russia claims that They have successfully prepared the COVID 19 vaccine.  They have launched this vaccine after their so called 3 trial phases.
                      Russian President claims that he launched this vaccine after trying it on many volunteers and even his one daughter out of two daughters.
      Earlier it was said that the vaccine will be launched on 12th of August, 2020.
 This vaccine will officially be available for trahis country from 14th of August, 2020.
   Currently, Russia's vaccine is not among those vaccines that are listed on WHO's list of six Covid Vaccines.

    Talking about the details of Covid Vaccine prepared by Russia,  They used adapted strains of adenovirus, a virus that causes common cold, to trigger an immune response.
This can be considered as the Victory of Human kind's over Covid 19.
   Russia is fast-tracking its Vaccine at an very extraordinary pace. Russia also says just being first is not enough, you must also be successful. Russian Officials have n as med it Sputnik-V , in the honor of world's first satellite sent to the space.
     

After testing this vaccine upon many corona patients, it has been concluded that their health condition is normal without any side effects and also guaranteed immunity responses for about 2 years with this Corona Virus.
      Its upon them that when they will produce on large scale and Distribute them to world wide and win over Covid Virus soon.  Officials also they that they plan for Mass vaccination from October month 2020.

Share as much as possible if you really want this pandemic to get over. 

      Russia Launches Covid19 Vaccine 
       

   

What Is Cardiac Cycle? Cardiac cycle steps

                       Cardiac Cycle
                Cardiac Cycle | Cardiac cycle refers to the event that occurs from the beginning of one heart beat to beginning of next heart beat.
    It is a continuous process running every time in the heart of each and every living organisms.  
              

• Talking about Healthy human being, the cardiac cycle lasts for 0.8 seconds ( if the heart rate is 72 beats per minute ).
•  The contraction of of Auricles is called auricular systole and the relaxation is called auricular diastol. Similarly, the contraction of ventricles is called ventricular systole and the relaxation is called ventricular diastole.    
•  Joint diastole: Its the period during which entire heart is in diastolic phase. It lasts fpr 0.4 seconds normally.

                           Phases of Cardiac Cycle.
    There are basically 4 different phases of cardiac cycle in human body.
1. Ventricular Systole
2. Ventricular Diastole.  
3. Auricular Systole

4. Auricular Diastole
          So lets learn all these phases in complete details. 
1. Ventricular Systole
          In this phase, The Blood is pumped out of the venticles through arteries. 
          During ventricular Systole ,the auricles receive impure blood from the veins.

     *This process has four main sub-phases.
     a. Isovolumetric contraction Cuspid valves of heart close during this phase and produce "LUBB" sound.
     b. Its the period of ejection of blood 
     c. Also called protodiastole
     d. Volumetric relaxation .   

2. Ventricular diastole.
       Closure of semilunar valves occurs due to which "DUP" sound is heard at the onset of ventricular diastole.
 This phase has two stages:
   ~Rapid inflow :-S3 heart sound is produced during this phase.
   ~Diastasis: In this phase, pressure inside all four chambers is equal and entire heart is in diastole. The AV valves are open but semilunar valves are closed during this phase.

Keywords:blood, cardiac cycle, cardiac cycle define, cardiac cycle definition, cardiac cycle diagram, cardiac cycle events, cardiac cycle phases, cardiac cycle steps, heart, 

 3. Auricular systole :
                   In this phase S4 heart sound is produced . Also the Contraction of Auricles take place this phase.

4. Auricular diastole : The phase is identified by the relaxation of walls of auricles.
       This phase has some important topic that needs to known by all.
      ~ stroke volume - It is the volume of blood pumped from heart (left ventricle ) into the systemic aorta in one heart beat.
      ~ cardiac output - Its the volume of blood pumped from heart ( left ventricle ) into the systemic aorta in one minute.                 

         It is also called minute volume.
           Cardiac output =
      Stroke volume * Heart rate=70 ml * 72 times/minute = 5040 ml/ minute = 5 litres/ minute.
       Total amount of blood in human body is about 5 litres (7% of body weight ).,During mild exercise , the cardiac output rises to about 11 litres l. Cardiac output is directly proportional to the size of the organism, metabolic rate but it is inversely proportional to age.
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